เป นการใช หล กของฟ ส กส และเคม เปนการใชหลกของฟสกสและเคม เพ ออธ บายการ เพออธบายการ เปล ยนแปลงท เก ดข นก บส วนประกอบต างๆในร างกาย ของส งม ช ว ต

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2 Physicochemical Principles เป นการใช หล กของฟ ส กส และเคม เปนการใชหลกของฟสกสและเคม เพ ออธ บายการ เพออธบายการ เปล ยนแปลงท เก ดข นก บส วนประกอบต างๆในร างกาย ของส งม ช ว ต 2

3 Topics -acid, base, buffer -unit of concentration -water : body water ; properties of water -solution : solubility ; physical properties -colloidal state -Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium -transport of small molecules across membrane 3

4 WATER : H 2 O Body water adult baby Total body water (TBW) 60% 70% : Intracellular fluid (ICF) 40% 40% : Extracellular fluid (ECF) 20% 30% - intravascular (IVF) 5% 5% - interstitial (ISF) 15% 25% 4

5 ปร มาณน าในเน อเย อต างๆ Dental enamel 3% liver 75% Bones (s marrow) 22-23% heart 79% Adipose tissue 10-30% kidney 81-83% Cartilages 55% brain (gray) 86% Skin 70% brain (white) 70% Muscles 75-80% CNT 80% LENS 99% bone (c marrow) 46% 5

6 Properties of water Non bonded e - pair δ + δ H.. o ๐.. H δ + Polar molecule -unusual physical & chemical properties 6

7 : Molecular structure & intermolecular force ICE LIQUID WATER VAPOR WATER COMPLETE AGGREGATE MIXTURE OF SMALLER AGGREGATES & INDIVIDUAL MOLECULES INDIVIDUAL MOLECULES 7

8 Empty space Vapor water Ice Liquid water 8

9 ENERGY OF CHEMICAL BOND TYPE OF INTERACTION BOND ENERGY (KJ/MOLE) 1.COVALENT BOND IONIC BOND (ION PAIR) IN THE ABSENT OF SOLVENT ; MUCH SMALLER IN AN AQUEOUS + SOLUTION; USUALLY LESS THAN 50 9

10 3.POLAR BOND 3.1 ION DIPOLE 3.2 DIPOLE DIPOLE H-BOND (SPECIAL DIPOLE-DIPOLE) VAN DER WAALs (TEMPORARY DIPOLE-DIPOLE) 6.HYDROPHOBIC NORMALLY CLOSE TO 3 10

11 BOND ENERGY OF H- BOND = 5 kcal/mol BOND ENERGY OF COVALENT BOND = 110 kcal/mol Liquid form = tetrahedral (closely packed) Solid form = open lattice (hexagonal) (ความหนาแน นน อย) 11

12 1.High h solubility power ค ณสมบ ต พ เศษบางประการของน า :polarity&hbonding H-bonding capacity : substances with ionic or polar covalent bonds : universal solvent 2.High specific heat ความร อนท ใช ในการท าให น า ความรอนทใชในการทาใหนา 1 g ม อณหภม เพ มข น มอ ณหภ มเพมขน 1 c เก บความร อนได 1 cal, Fe = 0.11, ether =0.56 :heat buffer 12

13 3.HIGH LATENT HEAT ปร มาณความร อนท ใช หร อถ กปล อยออกมาในการเปล ยนสถานะของสาร : ความร อนท ใช ในการท าให น า 1 g เปล ยนสถานะเป นไอท 100 C, sweat 0.54 cal/ml 4.HIGH HEAT CONDUCTIVITY : เปนการไหลของความร อนจากท ท ป T ส งไปยงท ท T ต ากวา 13

14 5.HIGH DIELECTRIC CONSTANT F = q 1 q 2 (Coulomb s Law) Dr 2 D: HO 2 = CCl 4 = 2.24, BENZENE = HIGH CATALYTIC ACTION 7.HIGH LUBRICATIVE ACTION 14

15 8.HIGH SURFACE TENSION, INTERFACIAL TENSION : This tension is the result of unbalanced attraction action of the molecules to each other Surface film Surface active substance beads a b Non polar wax c d e f H 2 O GLASS (POLAR) Si-O 15

16 แรงต งผ วของน าเป นพล งงานชน ดหน งม ค า 75 dyne/cm Cohesive force : แรงด งด ดของอน ภาคชน ดเด ยวก น Adhesive force : แรงด งด ดของอน ภาคต างชน ดก น 16

17 ความเคร ยดพ นผ ว อาจเปล ยนแปลงได 1.อ ณหภ ม : temp surface tension 2. เต มสารบางอย างลงไป : เกล อต างๆ surface tension สบ, น าม น, protein, bile salts (surfactant) surface tension 17

18 ในร างกายเรา ม สารอย 3 ประเภท 1. Polar compound : ละลายได ในน า (polarity, H-bond) 2. Non polar compound : ละลายได ใน ละลายไดใน organic solvent (Van-der-Waals & hydrophobic attraction) 3. Amphipathic molecules : เช น bile salts ในmolecules l l ม ท งส วนม ข วและส วนไม ม ข ว 18

19 Polar head Hydrophobic tail Micelle 19

20 20

21 Emulsion : Emulsifying agent or emulsifier น านม : เคซ น, แอลบ ม น (emulsion ของไขม นในน า) น าสล ด : ไข แดง (emulsion ของน าม นก บน าส ม) การท างานของสบ ในการก าจ ดคราบไขม น 21

22 SOLUTION MOLECULAR SOLUTION IONIC SOLUTION TRUE SOLUTION -ของแขง ของแข ง ของเหลว ก าซ กาซ -solvent & solute -aqueous solution : H 2 O (solvent) 22

23 Examples of solutions Solid solutions gas in a solid liquid in a solid Amalgam (alloy of murcury with another metal (used in making dental fillings)) Rubber cement (toluene in rubber) solid in a Steel (carbon in iron) solid 23

24 Gaseous solutions gas in a gas liquid in a gas solid in a gas Air (if droplets are present, colloidal system) (if particles are present, colloidal system) 24

25 Liquid solutions gas in a liquid liquid in a liquid solid in a liquid Carbonated beverages Vinegar, gasoline Seawater 25

26 ป จจ ยต างๆท ช วยในการละลาย 1. Nature of solute & solvent : like dissolves like : substances with similar bonding, structures and intermolecular forces will be mutually soluble solubility : the amount that will dissolve in a given solvent to produce saturated sol. (at a given T.) Miscibility : 26

27 2.Temp. : โดยท วไป temp solubility เช น (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 S UNDISSOLVED + SOLUTION + HEAT OF SOLUTION MORE CONCENTRATED SOLUTION 27

28 Li 2 CO 3, Ca(OH) 2 temp solubility Gas : temp solubility Gas undissolved + SOLUTION MORE CONCENTRATED SOLUTION + HEAT OF SOLUTION NaCl ไม เปล ยนแปลง 28

29 3.Pressure Solubility of gas α partial pressure of that gas above solution Henry s law (pressure solubility law) C g = k g P g (at constant temp.) : decompression sickness (Caisson ss disease, bends) 29

30 Air : O 2 20%, N 2 80% -high-altitude flyers -Deep-sea divers -Pressurized caissons :rapid d changes in atmospheric pressure e :Formation of N 2 gas bubbles called the bends -cause intense pain, loss of function, deafness, paralysis and intravascular clotting, death -joints, adipose and other tissues 30

31 : if gradual, the dissolved gases are removed by regular exhalation and diffusion through the skin : helium-oxygen mixture instead of air 31

32 4. พ นผ วส มผ ส พนผวสมผส : ถ ามาก rate of dissolution 5. การคนหร อเขย า การคนหรอเขยา : rate of dissolution 1)-3) : solubility 4)-5) : rate of dissolution, ไม เพ มsolubility solubility = rate of dissolution 32

33 solubility -saturated solution -unsaturated t solution -supersaturated solution : solvent holds more solute than it can normally hold at a given temp. Eg. Sat.sol n of glycine at 80 c cool to 30 c without agitation no crystal supersat.sol n are not stable, slightly disturb or seeded with a dust particle or a crystalline produces crystal rapidly 33

34 Colloidal state (colloidal dispersion) 90 % ของสารอ นทร ย ในเน อเย อของส งม ช ว ตจะอย ในสภาพของ ของสารอนทรยในเนอเยอของสงมชวตจะอย ในสภาพของ colloids (colloidal solution) Thomas Graham (1861) แบ งสารเป น แบงสารเปน 2 ประเภท 1. Crystalloids : sucrose, copper sulfate 2. Colloids : gelatin, glue, starch paste 34

35 Colloidal state -modern concept : based on size of particles dispersed in the medium -crytalloidal sol n : homogeneous, solutes are present in molecular or ionic state, uniformly distributed -colloidal l systems are heterogeneous : 2 phases medium = dispersion medium (peptizing agent) = solvent particles (micelle) = dispersed phase = solute (cluster of molecules) 35

36 Types of colloidal systems 1. sol : เป นภาวะท ของแข งกระจายอย ใน ของแข ง ของเหลว หร อ ก าซ 2. gel : เป นภาวะท ของแข งท ม ความเข มข นส งกระจายอย ในของเหลว 3. emulsion : เป นภาวะท ของเหลวชน ดหน งกระจายอย ในของเหลวอ กชน ด หน งโดยท ของเหลวท งสองชน ดไม ละลายในก นและก น 36

37 4. foam : เป นภาวะท ก าซกระจายอย ในของเหลว Both phases may be solids, liquids or gases except no colloidal l dispersion i of gas in gas 37

38 Examples of colloids Dispersed Dispersing type colloids phase medium gas gas - none gas liquid foam Soap suds gas solid Solid Activated foam charcoal, marshmallows38

39 liquid gas Liquid aerosol Fog, clouds liquid liquidid emulsion Milk, mayonnaise liquid solid Solid emulsion Cheese, butter solid gas smoke Smoke, dust in smog 39

40 solid liquidid sol Coffee, tea, jelly, plasma extender, protoplasm solid solid solid Alloys, black sol diamond, pearls 40

41 Tyndall effect ( Tyndall phenomenon) -พบเฉพาะใน colloidal o solution o เท าน น -Colloidal particles scatter the light and make the path of the light beam visible ibl Brownian movement - เก ดจากอน ภาคของน า buffeting and collision ของอน ภาค colloids ท ถ ก ล อมรอบโดยmolecule ของ dispersion sion medium m 41

42 42

43 Types of colloids : 2 types (ability to take up dispersion medium) 1. Lyophilic colloids (=solvent loving) or emulsoids : have a great attraction for dispersion medium Hydration shells (solvation spheres) Eg. Starch, egg albumin, blood protein, soap ไม stable เหม อน emulsion ถาวร 43

44 2. Lyophobic colloids (=solvent hating) or suspensoid : ไม ชอบ dispersion medium ไม ม เปล อกน ามาห มหร อม บางมาก จ งม โอกาสตกตะกอนได ง ายแบบเด ยวก บ suspension Eg. Colloidal metals (gold, silver) Kaolin (native hydrated d aluminium i silicate) 44

45 Theodore W. Richards ( ) The first American to receive the Nobel Prize In Chemistry in 1914) 45

46 Gold -dispersion medium เป นน า : hydrophilic & hydrophobic colloids -hydrophilic colloid อย ต วด มาก, ตกตะกอนได ยาก เม อตกตะกอนด วยการ เต มเกล อ (salting out) แล วก เอากล บมาละลายได อ ก -hydrophobic colloid ตกตะกอนได ง ายกว าเม อตกตะกอน แล วจะไม สามารถกล บละลายได อ ก เน องจากขนาดของตะกอนใหญ กว า 46

47 Electrical charges on colloids 2 ways 1. Groups on the surface of colloidal particles may ionize eg. Proteins R R R NH 3 + CH COOH NH 3 + CH COO - NH 2 CH COO - H + H + Zwitterions Aidi Acidic cation Basic anion 47

48 2. Ions from the medium may be absorbed on the surface of colloidal particles Carrying like charges repel each other Electrophoresis or cataphoresis เป นการแยกสาร colloid ว ธ หน ง เช น การแยก plasma proteins ชน ดต างๆ, การแยกสารโดยใช charge & size 48

49 Stability of colloids 1. charges on colloids 2. size of colloids 3. solvation layer : ถ าหนาจะ stable 4. constant movement of particles Any procedure that tends to diminish the effect of one or more of the stabilizing factors tends also to precipitate the colloids 49

50 1. การเปล ยน ph : เป นหล กการของ isoelectric point (pi = ph of sol n at which the molecules show no migration in an electric field) ท pi อน ภาคจะม net charge = 0 จ งตกตะกอนได ง ายท ส ด 2. การเต ม colloid ท ม ประจ ตรงข ามก น (mutual precipitation) เก ดจากการท าลายประจ ซ งก นและก น 50

51 3. การเต มเกล อ (salting out) : 2 mechanisms * ท าให hydration shell บางลง * ท าให ประจ ของ colloidal particles หมดไป -เกล อ เช น NaCl, (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4, Na 2 SO 4 -hydrophobic colloid ตกตะกอนง ายกว า hydrophilic colloids 4. การเต มสารอ นทร ย บางชน ด เช น ethanol, alkaloid บางชน ด * ท าให hydration shell บางลง ท าให colloid ตกตะกอน 51

52 Protective colloids -hydrophilic hili colloid ป องก นการตกตะกอนของ ปองกนการตกตะกอนของ hydrophobic h colloid โดยท ม นจะถ ก adsorbไว ท ผ วของ hydrophilic colloid ท าให ม ค ณสมบ ต เหม อน hydrophilic colloid -ช วยป องก นการตกตะกอนของพวกอน นทร ยสารบางอย างได เช น colloid ค มก นอย ท น าด หร อป สสาวะ ค มกนอย ทนาดหรอปสสาวะ ป องก นการตกตะกอนของสารบางอย าง ปองกนการตกตะกอนของสารบางอยาง เพ อม ให เก ดเป นน วได ง าย 52

53 Physical properties of solution 1.Diffusion : movement of solute ชน ดของม ชฌ ม high conc. low conc. temp diffusion เร วข น ข นก บขนาดอณ, 2.Osmosis & Osmotic pressure 53

54 osmosis = movement of solvent (water) through h semipermeable membrane from sol n that is less concentrated to one that is more concentrated -osmotic pressure = pressure needed d to prevent osmosis s 54

55 Hydrostatic pressure Osmotic pressure sucrose Η 2 Ο sucrose Η 2 Ο 55

56 OP O.P. : POTENTIAL PRESSURE, IS EVIDENT ONLY IF THERE IS A SEMIPERMEABLE MEMBRANE SEPARATING ONE SOLUTION FROM ANOTHER SEMIPERMEABLE MEMB. = OSMOTIC MEMB. (cellophane) (cellulose acetate) 56

57 REVERSE OSMOSIS pressure -O.P.ข นก บจ านวนอนภาคของต วถกละลาย (molecule, ion, aggregates of molecules = colloidal particle) pump น าเค ม osmotic membrane น าจ ด 57

58 H 2 O H 2 O -colloidal sol. O.P. ตาแตถาวร (oncotic pressure) 58

59 H 2 O H 2 O H 2 O Crystalloidal sol O.P. สงแต ไม ถาวร ส งแตไมถาวร 59

60 ISOTONIC SOL. : 5%glucose, 0.9%NaCl (physiological saline, normal saline sol., NSS) Isosmosis HYPOTONIC SOL. : endosmosis, hemolysis HYPERTONIC SOL. : exosmosis, crenation 60

61 ร างกายม น าหลายส วน ส วนประกอบแตกต างก นออกไป แต ท งหมดม O.P.เท าก น ถ าไม เท าก น : เก ดอาการผ ดปกต เช น *ถ า O.P.ของเล อด น าเข าcell สมองบวม ช ก หมดสต *ถ า protein ในเล อด น าออกจากหลอดเล อด เข าส น าระหว าง cell บวม (edema) 61

62 plasma : O.P. 7 บรรยากาศ, เก อบท งส นได จากเกล อแร ต างๆ (Na +, Cl - ) ส วนน อยเพ ยง 28 mmhg (0.53%) ได จาก protein (Oncotic pressure) ช วยด งน าให คงอย ในหลอดเล อด 62

63 3. Freezing point depression Amount of decrease α number of separate particles in solution เช น ต วถ กละลายท ไม แตกต วเป น ion 1 โมล (6.02 x อน ภาค) ในน า 1 Kg F.P. ลดลง 1.86 C (Molal freezing point constant) การว ดการลดจ ดเย อกแข ง เร ยกว า cryoscopy 63

64 4. Boiling gpoint elevation Amount of increase α number of separate particles เช น ต วถ กละลายท ไม แตกต ว ion 1 โมล ในน า 1 ก.ก. B.P. ส งข น 0.52 C (Molal boiling point constant) การว ดการเพ มจ ดเด อด เร ยกว า ebullioscopy 64

65 Colligative properties Physical properties of solution that depend upon the number but not the kind of solute particles present 65

66 เปร ยบเท ยบล กษณะของสารละลายชน ดต างๆ true solution colloid suspension Consistency homogeneous homogeneous heteroge or borderline -neous Particle size molecular size molecular greater less than 10 A clusters of than10000 A A Separation cannot be some partial fairly, easily by gravity separated separation separated or filtration 66

67 Osmotic high h but not low but none pressure permanent permanent appearance clear, may may be clear or not clear be colored cloudy, some particles may be seen in a high power microscope 67

68 Motion molecular brownian separated by movement movements gravitation Behavior no tyndall + tyndall many times light toward effect ; effect : light rays will not pass light light rays beam is seen through at all not reflected as it passes (translucent, (transparent) through solution opaque) (often translucent or opaque but maybe transparent) t) 68

69 Gibbs-Donnan Equilibrium -เป นภาวะสมด ลท ม อน ภาค colloid มาเก ยวข องด วย Semipermeable memb. Crystalloids Na I II + Na + Cl - Cl - At equilibrium 1. Conc of NaCl I = NaCl II 2. [Na + ] 1 [Cl - ] 1 = [Na + ] 2 [Cl - ] 2 3. แต ละช องประจ บวกเท าก บประจ ลบ Na + 1 = Cl - 1 = Na + 2 = Cl

70 Crystalloids and colloids At beginning I II Na + 1 Na + 2 Pr - Cl - 2 Na + 1<Na + 2 At equilibrium I II Na + (a+x) Na + (b-x) Cl - (x) Cl - (b-x) Pr(a) 70

71 Thermodynamic s principle Product of conc of diffusible cation-anion pair on one side will equal the product of conc of the same pair on the other side [Na + ] 1 [Cl - ] 1 = [Na + ] 2 [Cl - ] 2 (a+x)x = (b-x)(b-x) X = b 2 a+2b 71

72 START ต วอย าง I II Na + (1M) Na + (1M) Pr - (1M) Cl - (1M) EQUILIBRIUM I II Na + (1+x) Na + (1-x) Cl - (x) Cl - (1-x) Pr - (1) X= 1 2 =

73 ท สมด ล ion ต างๆจะม การกระจายต วด งน [Na + ] 1 = 1.33 M [Cl - ] 1 = 0.33 M [Na + ] 2 = 0.67 M [Cl - ] 2 = 0.67 M [Pr - ] 1 = 1 M 73

74 ต วอย าง START Na + (0.01M) I II Na + (0.05M) Pr - (0.01M) Cl - (0.05M) EQUILIBRIUM Na + (0.01+x) 01+x) I II Na + (0.05-x) Cl - (x) Cl - (0.05-x) Pr - (0.01) 74

75 ท สมด ล ion ต างๆจะม การกระจายต วด งน [Na + ] 1 = M [Cl - ] 1 = M [Na + ] 2 = 0.27 M [Cl - ] 2 = 0.27 M [Pr - ] 1 = 0.01 M [Na + ] > [Na + [Cl - < [Cl - 1 ] 2,[ ] 1 ] 2 เม อม สาร colloid อย ด วยจะท าให การกระจายของ diffusible ions ใน 2 ด านของ membrane ไม เท าก น 75

76 dialysis -เป นว ธ ใช แยกสาร crystalloid ออกจากสาร colloid ใน solution ท ม สารท ง 2 อย างรวมก นอย -diffusion of solute through a membrane -dialyzing membrane (colloidion shell, cellophane) has hole large enough to pass ions and small molecules, but not the larger colloidal particles -sieve action -eg. Hemodialysis i, peritoneal dialysis i 76

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80 The isotonic solution used in hemodialysis consist of 0.6% NaCl, 0.04%KCl, 0.2%NaHCO 3, and 0.72% glucose A Patient is usually on an artificial kidney machine for 4 to 7 hours. During this time isotonic bath is changed every 2 hours. 80

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